# Workflow Utilities

`@ai-sdk/workflow-harness` provides helpers for running `HarnessAgent` turns
inside a [workflow](https://vercel.com/docs/workflow).

The package provides a serializable state machine and a slice runner that you
call from your own `'use workflow'` and `'use step'` functions.

The core harness and workflow files are framework-independent. The HTTP handler
and Next.js configuration shown below are examples of how to expose the workflow
from one app framework; adapt those parts to your runtime and Workflow SDK
integration.

## Installation

<div className="my-4">
  <Tabs items={['pnpm', 'npm', 'yarn', 'bun']}>
    <Tab>
      <Snippet text="pnpm add @ai-sdk/workflow-harness workflow" dark />
    </Tab>
    <Tab>
      <Snippet text="npm install @ai-sdk/workflow-harness workflow" dark />
    </Tab>
    <Tab>
      <Snippet text="yarn add @ai-sdk/workflow-harness workflow" dark />
    </Tab>
    <Tab>
      <Snippet text="bun add @ai-sdk/workflow-harness workflow" dark />
    </Tab>
  </Tabs>
</div>

Install the core harness package, a harness adapter, and a sandbox provider as
shown in [HarnessAgent](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/harness-agent).

## Using a Durable Harness Agent

The agent can be configured in the usual way.

```ts filename='harness-workflow/agent.ts'
import { HarnessAgent } from '@ai-sdk/harness/agent';
import { claudeCode } from '@ai-sdk/harness-claude-code';
import { createVercelSandbox } from '@ai-sdk/sandbox-vercel';

export const agent = new HarnessAgent({
  harness: claudeCode,
  sandbox: createVercelSandbox({
    runtime: 'node24',
    ports: [4000],
  }),
  instructions: 'You are a helpful coding assistant.',
});
```

With the agent definition file in place, start with the two workflow-specific
pieces: a slice step that runs one time-boxed part of the harness turn, and a
workflow that calls that step until the turn finishes.

```ts filename='harness-workflow/run-slice-step.ts'
import {
  runHarnessAgentSlice,
  type HarnessWorkflowState,
} from '@ai-sdk/workflow-harness';

export async function runSlice(
  state: HarnessWorkflowState,
): Promise<HarnessWorkflowState> {
  'use step';

  const { agent } = await import('./agent');

  return runHarnessAgentSlice({
    agent,
    state,
  });
}
```

```ts filename='harness-workflow/workflow.ts'
import { runSlice } from './run-slice-step';
import {
  createHarnessWorkflowState,
  finalizeHarnessWorkflow,
  type HarnessWorkflowInput,
} from '@ai-sdk/workflow-harness';

export async function codingWorkflow(
  input: Pick<HarnessWorkflowInput, 'prompt' | 'sessionId'>,
) {
  'use workflow';

  let state = createHarnessWorkflowState(input);

  while (state.status === 'running' || state.status === 'timed_out') {
    state = await runSlice(state);
  }

  return finalizeHarnessWorkflow(state);
}
```

### Starting the Workflow

Start the workflow from server-side code. You can return `run.readable` from an
HTTP endpoint, consume it directly, or expose it through your framework's
streaming response primitive.

```ts filename='server/start-coding-workflow.ts'
import { codingWorkflow } from '../harness-workflow/workflow';
import { start } from 'workflow/api';

export async function startCodingWorkflow({
  prompt,
  sessionId,
}: {
  prompt: string;
  sessionId: string;
}) {
  const run = await start(codingWorkflow, [{ prompt, sessionId }]);

  return run.readable;
}
```

This is the core workflow/harness integration. Add resume persistence when you
need a multi-turn chat to reattach to the same native harness session across
workflow runs.

### HTTP Route Example

This example uses a Next.js `Request`/`Response` handler and AI SDK UI message
streams. For other frameworks, the workflow related code is similar: derive the
newest user message, call `start(codingWorkflow, [...])`, and return the run's
readable stream.

```ts filename='app/api/harness-workflow/route.ts'
import { codingWorkflow } from '../../../harness-workflow/workflow';
import {
  convertToModelMessages,
  createUIMessageStreamResponse,
  type UIMessage,
  type UIMessageChunk,
} from 'ai';
import { start } from 'workflow/api';

function latestUserMessage(
  messages: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof convertToModelMessages>>,
) {
  for (let index = messages.length - 1; index >= 0; index--) {
    const message = messages[index];
    if (message.role === 'user') return message;
  }
}

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const body: {
    id?: string;
    messages: UIMessage[];
  } = await request.json();

  if (!body.id) {
    return new Response('Missing chat ID', { status: 400 });
  }

  const prompt = latestUserMessage(await convertToModelMessages(body.messages));
  if (!prompt) {
    return new Response('No user message to run', { status: 400 });
  }

  const run = await start(codingWorkflow, [
    {
      prompt,
      sessionId: body.id,
    },
  ]);

  return createUIMessageStreamResponse({
    stream: run.readable as ReadableStream<UIMessageChunk>,
  });
}
```

If you use Next.js, wrap your config with `withWorkflow()` so Workflow SDK
transforms `'use workflow'` and `'use step'` modules. Other frameworks have
their own Workflow SDK setup.

```js filename='next.config.js'
const { withWorkflow } = require('workflow/next');

const nextConfig = {};

module.exports = withWorkflow(nextConfig, {});
```

## Resume Persistence

Persist only the opaque `resumeFrom` state returned after a finished turn. The
example below uses Workflow steps because filesystem access must stay out of the
workflow function itself. Use durable storage instead of local files in
production.

```ts filename='harness-workflow/resume-store.ts'
import type { HarnessV1ResumeSessionState } from '@ai-sdk/harness';
import { safeParseJSON } from '@ai-sdk/provider-utils';

const RESUME_DIR = '.harness-sessions';

function fileName(sessionId: string): string {
  return `${sessionId.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]/g, '_')}.json`;
}

export async function loadResumeStep(
  sessionId: string,
): Promise<HarnessV1ResumeSessionState | undefined> {
  'use step';

  const { readFile } = await import('node:fs/promises');
  const { join } = await import('node:path');

  let text: string;
  try {
    text = await readFile(
      join(process.cwd(), RESUME_DIR, fileName(sessionId)),
      'utf8',
    );
  } catch {
    return undefined;
  }

  const parsed = await safeParseJSON({ text });

  return parsed.success
    ? (parsed.value as unknown as HarnessV1ResumeSessionState)
    : undefined;
}

export async function persistResumeStep({
  sessionId,
  resumeState,
}: {
  sessionId: string;
  resumeState: HarnessV1ResumeSessionState | undefined;
}): Promise<void> {
  'use step';

  if (!resumeState) return;

  const { mkdir, writeFile } = await import('node:fs/promises');
  const { join } = await import('node:path');
  const dir = join(process.cwd(), RESUME_DIR);

  await mkdir(dir, { recursive: true });
  await writeFile(join(dir, fileName(sessionId)), JSON.stringify(resumeState));
}
```

Load the resume state before the first slice and persist the new one after the
turn finishes:

```ts filename='harness-workflow/workflow.ts'
import { loadResumeStep, persistResumeStep } from './resume-store';
import { runSlice } from './run-slice-step';
import {
  createHarnessWorkflowState,
  finalizeHarnessWorkflow,
  type HarnessWorkflowInput,
} from '@ai-sdk/workflow-harness';

export async function codingWorkflow(
  input: Pick<HarnessWorkflowInput, 'prompt' | 'sessionId'>,
) {
  'use workflow';

  const resumeFrom = await loadResumeStep(input.sessionId);
  let state = createHarnessWorkflowState({ ...input, resumeFrom });

  while (state.status === 'running' || state.status === 'timed_out') {
    state = await runSlice(state);
  }

  await persistResumeStep({
    sessionId: state.sessionId,
    resumeState: state.resumeFrom,
  });

  return finalizeHarnessWorkflow(state);
}
```

The harness `sessionId` gives the sandbox a stable identity across workflow runs
and lets the workflow load the previous turn's resume state before sending the
next user message.

A harness session owns its native conversation history, so the route sends only
the newest user message. Do not replay the full UI message history into the
harness.

## How It Works

Each user turn is represented by a `HarnessWorkflowState`:

- `createHarnessWorkflowState()` creates the initial state for the turn.
- `runHarnessAgentSlice()` streams one time-boxed slice of the turn.
- If the slice times out, the harness turn is suspended non-destructively and
  the returned state contains `continueFrom` for the next slice.
- If the turn finishes, the helper closes the workflow output stream and returns
  `resumeFrom` for the next user turn.
- `finalizeHarnessWorkflow()` returns the final result or throws when the
  workflow failed.

The workflow output stream receives AI SDK UI message chunks, so a route can
return `run.readable` through `createUIMessageStreamResponse()`.

## File Boundaries

Keep the `workflow` entrypoints separate from the agent definition:

- `agent.ts` defines the `HarnessAgent`.
- `run-slice-step.ts` is a `'use step'` module and imports the agent
  dynamically inside the step body.
- `workflow.ts` contains the `'use workflow'` function and imports only
  workflow-safe helpers and step modules.
- your route or server entrypoint starts the workflow. It can import `ai`
  helpers such as `convertToModelMessages()` and
  `createUIMessageStreamResponse()`.

Do not define the workflow function in the same module as the route handler,
server entrypoint, or agent. The Workflow DevKit compiles the module graph
reachable from a `'use workflow'` directive. Keeping the graph small prevents
Node-heavy agent, sandbox, and framework dependencies from being pulled into the
workflow bundle.

## Related

- [HarnessAgent](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/harness-agent)
- [Harness adapters](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/harness-adapters)
- [UI](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/ui)


## Navigation

- [Overview](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/overview)
- [HarnessAgent](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/harness-agent)
- [Tools](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/tools)
- [Skills](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/skills)
- [Harness Adapters](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/harness-adapters)
- [Workflow Utilities](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/workflow-utilities)
- [UI](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/ui)
- [Terminal UI](/docs/ai-sdk-harnesses/terminal-ui)


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